Record Stabilized Efficiencies Exceeding 18% for Hybrid Evaporation-Spincoating Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Saeid Rafizadeh a b c, Karl Wienands c, Laura E. Mundt a, Alexander J. Bett a, Patricia S.C. Schulze a, Ludmila Cojocaru c, Lucio Claudio Andreani b, Martin Hermle a, Stefan Glunz a, Jan Christoph Goldschmidt a
a Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Germany, Heidenhofstraße, 2, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
b University of Pavia, Italy, Via Taramelli 16, Pavia, 27100, Italy
c University of Freiburg, Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Freiburg, 79110, Germany.
International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV18)
Benidorm, Spain, 2018 May 28th - 31st
Organizers: Emilio Palomares and Rene Janssen
Poster, Saeid Rafizadeh, 003
Publication date: 21st February 2018

Here, we present highly efficient perovskite solar cells fabricated with a hybrid evaporation-spincoating method, where the PbI2 inorganic part is first deposited by vacuum thermal evaporation and then converted into perovskite by spincoating of the MAI (CH3NH3I) organic component. Additionally, we addressed the issue of ''Interface Engineering'' at the perovskite top and bottom interfaces. Implementing a single or a bilayer charge transport layer and variation of layer thicknesses lead to improvements in the perovskite crystallization and thereupon both electron and hole charge transportation quality. Utilizing a standard n-i-p cell structure, a 18.2% stabilized and highly reproducible efficiency for a MAPbI3 layer sandwiched between a TiO2/PCBM electron transport bilayer (ETL) and a Spiro-MeOTAD hole transport layer has been achieved. As ETL, a 30 nm thick evaporated TiO2 layer coated by a 3000 rpm spun PCBM layer yielded the optimum performance. In combination, a 250 nm (2000 rpm spun) Spiro-MeOTAD layer enabled a cell performance of 18.2% due to the compact and complete coverage of the perovskite. The measurements have done on a solar cell with 0.16 cm2 active area and under one sun illumination at 43 mV/s scan speed. The microscopic analysis shows a highly crystalized perovskite layer as well as a compact and uniform coverage of the charge transport layers. Furthermore, a faster decay visible in the time resolved photoluminescence for the optimized interfaces indicates the improvement of charge extraction obtained by the interface engineering. 

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