Stable semi-transparent perovskite solar cells for 26.1%-Efficiency Perovskite/c-Si 4-Terminal tandem cell
Mehrdad Najafi a, Valerio Zardetto b, Dong Zhang a, Maarten Dorenkamper a, Francesco Di Giacomo b, Ilker Dogan b, Wiljan Verhees a, Herbert Lifka b, Alessia Senes b, Paul Poodt b, Bart Geerligs c, Tom Aernouts d, Sjoerd Veenstra a, Ronn Andriessen b
a ECN – Solliance, The Netherlands, High Tech Campus, 21, Eindhoven, Netherlands
b Holst Centre, Solliance, NL, High Tech Campus, 21, Eindhoven, Netherlands
c ECN Solar Energy, P.O. Box 1, 1755 ZG Petten, The Netherlands
d IMEC - Solliance, Thin Film PV, Kapeldreef, 75, Leuven, Belgium
International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV18)
Benidorm, Spain, 2018 May 28th - 31st
Organizers: Emilio Palomares and Rene Janssen
Oral, Mehrdad Najafi, presentation 075
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29363/nanoge.hopv.2018.075
Publication date: 21st February 2018

Semi-transparent perovskite solar cells (STPSCs) are highly attractive to improve the efficiency of commercial silicon photovoltaic modules in tandem architectures. However, the further commercial development of STPSCs is requires competitive stability and high IR transparency requirements. Here we report the fabrication of highly efficient and stable STPSCs containing a spatial atomic layer deposited (S-ALD) ZnO layer. The results show the key role of the S-ALD ZnO layer. Firstly, the compact S-ALD ZnO layer acts as a buffer layer to prevent sputter damage to underlying layers during the sputter deposition of the ITO layer. Secondly, the compact layer improves the stability of perovskite solar cells. We made a comparison between triple-cation perovskite (Cs0.05(MA0.17FA0.83)0.95Pb(I2.7Br0.3)) and dual-cation perovskite (Cs0.15FA0.85Pb(I2.75Br0.25)) cells. The triple-cation STPSCs exhibit a stabilized output efficiency of 17.1% (comparing with 16.6% stabilized output efficiency for the dual-cation STPSCs). First results indicate, cells based on the dual-cation perovskite display better thermal and light soaking stability. Encapsulated dual-cation STPSCs retain 95% of their initial stabilized power output after 2000h aging at 85°C. Interestingly, using highly transparent hole and electron metal oxide extraction layers and optimized MgF2 anti-reflection coating (ARC), STPSCs show comparable efficiency by illumination from the both rear and front ITO sides. Most importantly, using stable and optically optimized STPSCs, we present high-efficiency perovskite/c-Si 4-Terminal tandem cells. STPSCs are modified for tandem application by limiting the ITO NIR absorption and reducing the reflection losses using light management. Regarding the ITO improvement, the free carrier density is reduced to minimize the NIR absorption and the mobility is increased to retain sufficient conductivity. The STPSCs with optimized IR transparency (average transmittance of about 93% in the wavelength range of 800 nm to 1200 nm) were coupled with commercial IBC bottom cell (9.7% efficiency when it is filtered by ST-PSCs) leading to a tandem cell efficiency of 26.1%. The 4T tandem cell efficiency is obtained with the tandem measurement procedure also used by other authors [1].

[1]. J. Werner, L. Barraud, A. Walter, M. Bräuninger, F. Sahli, D. Sacchetto, N. Tétreault, B. Paviet-Salomon, S. Moon, C. Allebé, M. Despeisse, S. Nicolay, S. De Wolf, B. Niesen and C. Ballif, "Efficient Near-Infrared-Transparent Perovskite Solar Cells Enabling Direct Comparison of 4-Terminal and Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Cells", ACS Energy Letters, vol. 1, pp. 474, 2016.

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