Publication date: 23rd October 2020
Over the past few years, the performance of perovskite solar cells was gradually improved up to >25%, which is close to the characteristics of crystalline silicon photovoltaics. However, high toxicity and low stability of complex lead halides used as absorber materials hamper commercialization of this technology. Compositional engineering of lead halide perovskites was actively pursued in order to improve their stability and/or performance. In particular, a partial or full replacement of Pb2+ in APbX3 is highly desirable in terms of developing more environmentally friendly and/or durable materials.
Herein, we present a systematic study of lead substitution in CsPbI3 with >30 different cations introduced in atomic concentrations ranging from 1% to 20-30%. It was shown that a series of 25 cations enables the formation of the black orthorhombic γ-phase of CsPb1-xMxI~3 at relatively low temperatures of 100-200°C, whereas non-modified CsPbI3 is obtained as a black polymorph above 300oC. Among these cations, we revealed 11 the most promising systems surviving >430 h of continuous light soaking (0.85 sun at 50 oC). The XRD and EDS elemental mapping suggested the localization of Mn+ cations at the grain boundaries, thereby providing a deeper understanding of the stabilization mechanism of lead halide perovskites. The CsPb1-xMxI~3 formulations showing the best photostability were evaluated as absorber materials in perovskite solar cells and demonstrated encouraging performances: e.g. CsPb0.9Ba0.1I3 delivered the efficiency of 11.4% in non-optimized devices.
Thus, the obtained results suggest that the partial Pb2+ substitution in complex lead halides represents a highly promising strategy for designing efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
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