Publication date: 14th January 2022
Metals aren't always the best choice for electrode materials, especially ones meant for direct current (DC) applications on tissue. While common metal electrodes can be admirable in a charge-balanced stimulation regime (i.e. alternating current - AC), the DC range allows for the possiblity of the anode to leech toxic metal ion by-products and/or generate large pH gradients into surrounding tissue due to faradaic reactions caused at the metal-electrolyte interface. Thus, one might think about conducting polymers (CPs) with excellent charge storage capacity, electron-ion current transduction, and of course biocompability. PEDOT:PSS is a well-known CP coating for metal-based neural microelectrodes, specifically for recording or AC stimulation. However, its capability within the DC regime has largely been unexplored. In this work, we establish a new process for the unification of the sheer simplicity and design flexiblity of laser-induced graphene (LIG) fabrication with a pure PEDOT:PSS hydrogel coating and test their combined ability to perfom within the bounds of DC. From standard cyclic voltammetry to long-term DC stimulation, these LIG electrodes with PEDOT:PSS hydrogel were compared to the clinical-standard silver-silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) electrodes. Results show the LIG/PEDOT:PSS electrodes showed superior DC stimulation stability.
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