Surface Passivation–Controlled Halide Exchange Enables Large Stokes Shift in CsPbCl3/CsPbI3 Perovskite Nanocrystals
Saptarshi Chakraborty a, Hiba H. Karakkal a, Matteo L. Zaffalon a, Andrea Fratelli a b, Leonardo Poletti c, Francesca Rossi c, Ivan Infante d, Sergio Brovelli a
a Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan (Italy)
b Nanochemistry, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
c IMEM-CNR, Parco Area delle Scienze 37/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
d BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa 48940, Spain
Proceedings of Emerging Light Emitting Materials 2025 (EMLEM25)
La Canea, Greece, 2025 October 8th - 10th
Organizers: Maksym Kovalenko and Grigorios Itskos
Oral, Saptarshi Chakraborty, presentation 038
Publication date: 17th July 2025

Lead-halide perovskite nanocrystals (LHP NCs) have attracted substantial interest due to their potential in a wide range of optoelectronic and photonic applications. These materials provide notable advantages, including solution-processable, low-temperature, and tunable synthesis methods, high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQY) owing to their inherent defect tolerance, fast luminescence lifetimes, and ease of integration into devices. However, a major challenge in device integration is their generally small Stokes shift, just a few tens of meV, which causes significant spectral overlap between excitonic absorption and emission [1]. This overlap leads to significant self-absorption, especially problematic for applications involving light transmission through devices, such as luminescent solar concentrators, waveguides, photonic fibers, and radiation-detection scintillators [2]. Increasing the Stokes shift of LHP NCs without compromising their sharp, fast excitonic emission remains difficult because high halide mobility dissolves the compositional gradients needed for core/shell architectures, which are among the most effective strategies for creating Stokes-shifted emission. In this account, an important phase can be CsPb(ClxI1-x)3, provided the emission originates from the CsPbI3 phase and the absorption from the CsPbCl3 phase, resulting in a large Stokes shift. Unfortunately, efforts to stabilize this phase have not been successful till now, leading to complete substitution of Cl- ions with I- ions [3]. In this presentation, I will describe a key strategy involving a surface passivation step before halide exchange that offers a straightforward solution: treating CsPbCl3 NCs with CdCl2 eliminates halide-vacancy traps, enhances emission yield, and critically prevents inward diffusion of I⁻ during a subsequent Cl- to I- exchange. As a result, the reaction is halted after a few monolayers, producing CsPbCl3/CsPbI3 core/shell NCs that absorb at 3.14 eV and emit at 1.91 eV, with an apparent Stokes shift exceeding 1 eV. This reduces reabsorption losses, as confirmed through waveguiding experiments. Density functional theory calculations confirm the formation of an inverted type-I heterojunction, while transient absorption and fluence-dependent PL measurements reveal sub-60 ps energy transfer from the core to the shell. The entire process is solution-processed and adjustable via PbI2 dosage, providing a practical pathway for reabsorption-free LHP emitters in photon management applications.

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