Kinetics of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite formation on mesoporous layers via the sequential deposition method

Michael Grätzel^a, Amita Ummadisingu^a, Norman Pellet^a^,^b

^aLaboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

^bMax-Planck-Institute for Solid-State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, Stuttgart, 70569, Germany

International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics 2015 (HOPV15)

Roma, Italy, 2015 May 11th - 13th

Organizer: Filippo De Angelis

Poster, Amita Ummadisingu, 336
Publication date: 5th February 2015

The organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells have been a significant development in the field of photovoltaics [1]. The study attempts to address some of the aspects regarding the formation kinetics of methylammonium lead iodide perovskite on mesoporous layers via the sequential deposition method [2], starting from lead iodide on mesoporous films. A comprehensive understanding would allow better control and tailoring of the morphological properties of the perovskite in prototype solar cells for enhanced performance [3]. The lead iodide to perovskite reaction kinetics was studied through photoluminescence and absorbance spectroscopy. Films of ascending dipping times were assessed through various techniques such as SEM and XRD, in addition to recording their emission spectra. The reaction was found to begin with crystallization of lead iodide before proceeding in a manner resembling the single crystal-to-single crystal (SCSC) transformation. It is possible that the crystalline intermediate allows the reaction to proceed through a path requiring lower activation energy. Reaction kinetics data was analyzed with regards to existing crystal growth models. Correlating the data obtained from the numerous analytical methods, different steps were identified in the kinetics of the perovskite formation such as nucleation, coalescence and Ostwald ripening. In this system, the nucleation and growth are critical aspects for film morphology and parameters that can control these steps are important to obtain films with the desired size and surface coverage of perovskite crystals. Keywords: perovskite formation, kinetics, mesoporous layer, film morphology *These authors contributed equally to this work.

[1] Pellet, N.; Gao, P.; Gregori, G.; Yang, T.-Y.; Nazeeruddin, M.K.; Maier, J.; Grätzel, M. Mixed-organic-cation perovskite photovoltaics for enhanced solar-light harvesting. Angewandte Chemie 2014, 53, 3151-3157. [2] Burschka, J.; Pellet, N.; Moon, S.-J.; Humphry-Baker, R.; Gao, P.; Nazeeruddin, M. K.; Grätzel, M. Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells. Nature 2013, 499, 316-320. [3] Im, J.-H.; Jang, I.–H.; Pellet, N.; Grätzel, M.; Park, N.-G. Growth of CH3NH3PbI3 cuboids with controlled size for high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. Nature Nanotechnology 2014, 9, 927-932.

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