Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV16)
Publication date: 28th March 2016
This work, for the first time, shows a perovskite with a triple cesium (Cs), methylammonium (MA), formamidinium (FA) cation, to achieve high efficiency perovskite solar cells with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) close to 21% and stabilized power outputs at 18% under operational conditions over 250 hours (maximum power point tracking under full illumination held at room temperature).
Adding Cs to MA/FA mixtures, which are currently the highest performing compositions, suppresses yellow phase impurities and induces highly uniform perovskite grains extending from electron to hole collecting layer consistent with seed-assisted crystal growth. This is consistent with superior and more repeatable device performances of Cs-containing devices because more uniform grains enable better charge transport explaining the high fill factors reached of up to ~0.80, a value rarely observed even for the highest performances. This composition has the potential to achieve > 21% devices in the future using simple manufacturing improvements.
Furthermore, it is shown that MA/FA mixtures are very sensitive to enviromental conditions which could be the reason for the large variability reported by so many groups. The triple cation perovskites are more robust to subtle variations during the fabrication process enabling a breakthrough in terms of reproducibility where PCEs > 20% were reached on a regular basis.
Therefore, triple (or multiple) cation mixtures are a novel compositional strategy on the road to industrialization of perovskite solar cells with better stabilities and repeatable high efficiencies.
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