Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV16)
Publication date: 28th March 2016
Materials with low work functions (WFs) are required as electron-collecting or electron-injecting electrodes in devices such as hybrid and organic solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and transistors. Although low-WF metals, such as those of groups 1 and 2, can be used as electrodes, they are highly unstable in air, may react with organics through abstraction of halide ions, and need to be vacuum deposited. Alternatively, surface modification can be used to lower the WF of materials that exhibit moderate or high WFs in their unmodified state. Modification approaches also allow low WF to be combined with other desirable properties, for example, transparency in the case of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) and other conducting oxide electrode materials. Strongly reducing molecules can be used to lower electrode WFs via solution processing; here electron transfer from the reductant molecules to the electrode results in a layer of the corresponding cations on the negatively charged surface and consequently in a surface dipole. Stronger reductants are expected to lead to a greater extent of electron transfer and, therefore, potentially larger WF modifications. The dimers of pentamethyliridocene and ruthenium pentamethylcyclopentadienyl mesitylene, (IrCp*Cp)2 and (RuCp*mes)2, respectively, are considerably stronger reductants than previously used small molecules. Here we show that (IrCp*Cp)2 and (RuCp*mes)2 are effective solution-processable reagents for lowering the work function of ITO; this approach is compared to the use of solution-deposited films of ethoxylated poly(ethylenimine) (PEIE). We also compare the electrical behavior of C60- and NDI-based diodes in which the cathodes are unmodified, dimer modified, or modified with PEIE.
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International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics
International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV) is celebrated yearly in May. The main topics are the development, function and modeling of materials and devices for hybrid and organic solar cells. The field is now dominated by perovskite solar cells but also other hybrid technologies, as organic solar cells, quantum dot solar cells, and dye-sensitized solar cells and their integration into devices for photoelectrochemical solar fuel production.
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