A-site cation dictates local octahedral tilting and ferroelasticity in lead halide perovskites
Milos Dubajic a, Sam Stranks a, Aron Walsh b, James Neilson c
a Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0AS, U.K.
b Imperial College London, Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, London SW7 2AZ, UK
c Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, 1872 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, United States
Oral, Milos Dubajic, presentation 017
Publication date: 6th February 2024

Empirical A-site cation engineering has significantly advanced the stability and efficiency of hybrid organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites solar cells and the functionality of X-ray detectors.
Yet, the fundamental mechanisms underpinning these improvements in this novel class of semiconductors, known for their outstanding optoelectronic properties, remain elusive.
Our comprehensive multi-modal study, designed to explore the link between microscopic structural dynamics and macroscopic properties in these materials, utilises X-ray diffuse scattering, inelastic neutron spectroscopy, and optical microscopy.
This approach uncovers the presence of dynamic, lower-symmetry local phases embedded within the higher-symmetry average structures in various perovskite compositions.
We find that local structure is tunable via the A-site cation selection: methylammonium induces anisotropic, planar domains of out-of-phase octahedral tilts, while formamidinium favours isotropic, spherical domains with in-phase tilting, even when crystallography reveals cubic symmetry on average.
The variations in local structure observed are in agreement with our simulations and are reflected in the differing macroscopic optoelectronic and ferroelastic behaviours of these compositions.
By demonstrating that the selection of the A-site cation dictates the local structure and, in turn, macroscopic properties, we establish a foundation for correlated order engineering in lead halide perovskite materials as a means of controlling their optoelectronic performance and stability.

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