Publication date: 17th February 2025
The Internet of Things revolution demands efficient, stable, and cost-effective power sources for autonomous operation of smart devices and sensors under low light conditions. Indoor photovoltaics (iPV) offers a promising solution, enabling grid independence, portability, and sustainability for low-power devices. While polycrystalline silicon dominates outdoor solar applications, amorphous silicon proves more effective for indoor use, demonstrating superior efficiency under the significantly lower intensities and narrower spectra of artificial lighting. Recent years have witnessed remarkable advances in next-generation photovoltaic technologies based on organic, dye-sensitized, and perovskite materials for indoor applications. These new technologies have achieved power conversion efficiencies exceeding 30%, surpassing their outdoor performance capabilities. This significant improvement has been driven by targeted material development, innovative device architectures, and enhanced understanding of indoor light harvesting mechanisms.
The distinctive characteristics of indoor lighting sources, such as LED, fluorescent, and incandescent lamps, have necessitated specific optimization strategies distinct from traditional solar cell design. These indoor conditions present unique challenges and opportunities for photovoltaic technology development, requiring specialized design approaches and optimization strategies.
This work comprehensively examines state of the art indoor PV devices, emphasizing key technological advances, design strategies for high-efficiency cells, and challenges requiring resolution for continued field development. We examine the crucial distinctions in solar cell design requirements between outdoor and indoor applications, including light source spectrum, device optimization, and stability considerations. The potential markets for indoor photovoltaic light harvesting span diverse sectors, including building-integrated systems, consumer electronics, biomedical devices, wireless sensors, and communication technologies. These applications represent a significant opportunity for sustainable power generation in the expanding Internet of Things ecosystem, highlighting the growing importance of indoor photovoltaic research and development.
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