Publication date: 17th February 2025
During the operation of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), ions tend to move and gather at interfaces due to the electric field. This buildup creates an opposing electric field that blocks charge transport and causes current-voltage (J-V) hysteresis. However, a key challenge is understanding how many ions are actively moving (ion density) and how fast they are moving (ion mobility) during device operation. This ion motion has a direct impact on the performance and long-term stability of PSCs. Although researchers are making progress, the exact behavior of ion migration—both in terms of how much and how fast—is still not fully understood and remains an active area of study. We fabricated perovskite solar cells with the structure ITO/NiOx/SAM/Perovskite/PCBM/Ag. Initial dark capacitance–frequency (C–F) and current–voltage (J–V) measurements were performed to establish a baseline. The devices were then subjected to thermal treatment at 85 °C in the dark for different durations: 5 hours, 30 hours, 54 hours, 100 hours, and 200 hours. After each heating step, the devices were cooled back to room temperature before repeating the C–F and J–V measurements, ensuring consistent testing conditions. The experimental C–F and J–V data collected at each stage were then analyzed using the drift-diffusion simulation software SETFOS. By fitting the experimental results with the simulation model, we extracted values for ion density and ion mobility at different stages of thermal stress. This approach allowed us to track how these parameters evolved over time and provided insight into the impact of heat on ion behavior and device stability. We found that heat treatment in solar cells leads to a gradual increase in ion density over time. Initially, the cells have low ion density, but as they undergo increasing amount of heat exposure, ion density builds up progressively. This buildup can lead to faster ion movement, which may result in the degradation of cell performance over time, affecting their long-term stability and efficiency. Our study helps clarify how heat affects ion behavior in perovskite solar cells and gives useful information for making these devices more stable in the future
The authors acknowledge support from the I-DEEP pilot 3 year PhD program funding.
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