Publication date: 11th March 2026
The property of charge transfer (CT) state determines the charge generation yield, energy losses, and charge collection efficiency, hence is the key to properly understand the operation of organic photovoltaics (OPVs). OPVs based on nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) often possess reduced offset between local excitonic state (LE) and CT state, leading to invisible CT state emission from typical photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) experiments. The invisibility of CT state makes it difficult to access its physical properties in low-offset NFA OPVs, therefore hindering the further development of OPV devices to reach 20% power conversion efficiency. Here, we propose a method to probe the “invisible CT states” using a newly developed model framework coupled with PL and EL experiments. Through modelling fitting, we are able to extract the excited state properties of both LE and CT states, which allows us to draw correlations between offset and the properties of CT states. This work offers a method to access the properties of CT states in low-offset OPVs, and provides insights into the understanding of charge generation, energy losses, as well as charge collection.
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