Publication date: 11th March 2026
Semitransparent organic solar cells (ST-OSCs) are attracting significant attention for applications such as building-integrated photovoltaics due to their ability to generate electricity while maintaining visible light transmission. In this work, we report a fully solution-processed ST-OSC based on the inverted device architecture ITO/ZnO/PM6:Y12/PEDOT:PSS/AgNW, where all functional layers were deposited using low-temperature, scalable techniques. The ZnO electron transport layer, PM6:Y12 bulk heterojunction active layer, and PEDOT:PSS hole transport layer was sequentially deposited by spin coating, while the transparent top electrode was formed by spray coating a silver nanowire (AgNW) network from isopropyl alcohol (IPA) dispersion, avoiding vacuum-based metal deposition. The use of AgNWs provides high optical transparency, good electrical conductivity, and compatibility with large-area fabrication, making them suitable for semitransparent device applications. To achieve an optimal balance between transparency and charge collection, the concentration of AgNWs in IPA was systematically optimized, enabling control over the nanowire network density and sheet resistance of the top electrode. The optimized AgNW electrode exhibited uniform coverage with low optical haze, leading to efficient carrier extraction while preserving visible transmittance. As a result, the optimized ST-OSC delivered a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6% under standard illumination conditions, together with an average visible transmittance (AVT) of approximately 50% in the visible spectral range. The corresponding light utilization efficiency (LUE), which combines electrical performance and optical transparency, reached 3%, in an active area of 0.200 cm2 indicating an effective compromise between efficiency and transparency. These results demonstrate that spray-coated AgNW electrodes, combined with fully solution-processed organic layers, offer a simple, low-cost, and scalable approach for high-performance semitransparent organic solar cells, highlighting their strong potential for integration into transparent and aesthetically appealing energy-harvesting applications.
1. This work benefits from a French government grant managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the reference « ANR-22-PEHY-0005 » SMART4MODULE.
2. We would like to thanks Nicolas Parou, Sebastien Rougier, Romain Lafont, Nicolas R and Lionel Rechignat for their technical assistance regarding physical deposition methods, electrical and optical spectroscopies along with the characterization.
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