Publication date: 11th March 2026
Interlayers have become increasingly critical for maximizing the performance of photovoltaic devices.1 Many current state-of-the-art interlayer materials present a problem though: stability and interaction with the active materials. While materials like PDINN and PEDOT:PSS can and do produce extremely performant devices, they are unstable and devices rapidly lose that performance.2 Herein, we present a series of new materials incorporating strategies to create high-performance organic photovoltaics with improved stability based around small-molecules. We demonstrate new strategies for producing stable, high-performance interlayers. The incorporation of cationic ammonium centres is an effective method for improving stability associated with basic amines and provides a convenient synthetic handle for further engineering. Using quaternary ammonium moieties can be used to produce highly stable ETLs which compete with PDINN. This new materials, PDIN-A, achieves comparable device performance with PDINN with considerably improved stability. We also demonstrate a new high-performance HTL inspired by 2PACz featuring a quaternary ammonium moiety.
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