Publication date: 11th March 2026
Solution-processed tin oxide (SnO2) is highly attractive for fully printed wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which are of particular interest for tandem photovoltaics, owing to its high electron mobility, favorable energy-level alignment, and excellent optical transparency. Moreover, its low-temperature processability makes SnO2 well suited for scalable manufacturing techniques such as blade coating, slot-die coating and roll-to-roll printing. However, scalable coating of nanometer-thick SnO2 layers frequently results in non-uniform films due to particle instability and aggregation during printing, leading to poor interfacial integration and disruption of the crystallographic integrity of the overlying perovskite layer. These interfacial deficiencies give rise to pronounced non-radiative recombination losses, thereby limiting the achievable open-circuit voltage (VOC) in WBG PSCs.
In this work, we introduce triethanolamine hydrochloride (TEAHCl) as an interfacial modifier to regulate the colloidal stability and rheological properties of aqueous SnO2 inks. This strategy enables uniform blade coating of compact SnO2 layers while simultaneously modulating perovskite crystallization kinetics at the SnO2/perovskite interface. Consequently, high-quality WBG perovskite films with an optical bandgap of 1.78 eV are obtained, featuring improved morphology and suppressed interfacial recombination. Benefiting from this interfacial modification, fully printed carbon-electrode perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) achieve VOC of 1.27 V, while fully printed silver-nanowire-electrode PSCs (AgNWs-PSCs) deliver VOC above 1.30 V. These results demonstrate a scalable and effective interfacial modification strategy for realizing high VOC, fully printed WBG perovskite photovoltaics with strong potential for tandem application.
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