Publication date: 11th March 2026
Small-perturbation measurements in the frequency domain are important tools to distinguish power loss mechanisms occurring at a given steady-state condition in perovskite solar cells. These techniques consist of impedance spectroscopy (IS), intensity-modulated photocurrent spectroscopy (IMPS) and intensity-modulated photovoltage spectroscopy (IMVS). However, the typical analysis methods of the measured spectra possess several limitations, leading to erroneous interpretation and parameter estimation. The biggest limitation among these is the assumption of perfect charge extraction at the collecting contact, which is very unlikely due to the low mobility of typical transport layers used in perovskite solar cells. We thus develop an extended version of the diffusion-recombination model with boundary conditions that account for charge extraction from the perovskite bulk to the electrodes, via the transport layers. This further establishes the coupling between the transport layer properties and its coupling with the bulk recombination, and their corresponding influence on the modulated photocurrent and photovoltage spectra. We further develop a figure of merit that describes the influence of absorption losses, charge collection losses both in the bulk and due to the transport layers, on the current-voltage curve. Through an analysis of the time constants from the measured spectra, we calculate this figure of merit across different steady-state conditions for state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells.
S.R. acknowledges that this work is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, GermanResearch Foundation)– project number 539945054.
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