Publication date: 11th March 2026
Scaling up perovskite solar cell printing is critical for commercialization, yet achieving high-quality films under industrial conditions remains challenging, particularly due to limited control over crystallization, and especially when using more sustainable green solvents. At the laboratory scale, spin coating combined with anti-solvent treatment has delivered high efficiencies by enabling precise control of nucleation and crystal growth. In contrast, large-area printing requires alternative deposition techniques, like slot-die coating, and anti-solvent treatment is often considered incompatible with these methods, leading to reliance on gas-flow-assisted drying. This approach demands changes in solvent systems, moving away from optimized lab-scale formulations and reducing control over intermediate pre-perovskite phases that can benefit high-quality crystal growth and optimal orientation.
Here, we introduce a dynamic anti-solvent bathing method for scalable perovskite printing. Results across multiple compositions, including CsFAPbIXBr1-X, CsFAPbI3, MAPI3, and CsPbI3, show that this approach enables high-quality film formation, in most cases under ambient conditions and using green solvents. This method can be preceded by gas flow assisted drying. The anti-solvent bath can be used to facilitate targeted solvent or ions extraction, promoting effective crystallization. In situ GIWAXS and photoluminescence spectroscopy, in addition to NMR and FTIR reveal the crystallization mechanisms and suggest that pairing anti-solvent bathing with targeted additives could enhance film quality for high-performance devices.
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