Publication date: 11th March 2026
Significant advancements in research have been made in recent years, with single-junction organic solar cells achieving efficiencies exceeding 20%. However, scaling up laboratory prototypes to large-area commercial modules remains challenging due to the absence of high-quality thin-film deposition techniques, particularly for ultra-thin interfacial layers[1]. Here, a fully vacuum-processed approach utilizing InCl3 as a hole contact and C60/BCP as an electron-contact interlayer, respectively, which act as dense and uniform charge transporting layers, while also ensuring consistent batch-to-batch reproducibility of module performance (PCE = 17.3%@15.6 cm2) [2]. To broaden the processing window of active layer for large-area modules, a seed crystal strategy by incorporating oligo (ethylene glycol)-modified asymmetric BDTF-CA2O molecule donors was proposed to optimize the nucleation and crystallization of PM6:BTP-eC9 blend, leading to an active area module efficiency of 17.7%[3,4]. Further enhancement was achieved via the integration of a homogeneously bonded InCl3 SAM monolayer, resulting in a record active‑area module PCE of 18.8%. When consider semi-transparent modules for energy-generating windows, NIR-absorbing PCE10 polymer is used instead of PM6 for achieving high visible transparency over 40%. By integrating strategies to reduce non-radiative recombination losses[5], a cost-effective double-layered nano-photonic structure, and a high-quality 12-nm-thin Ag top electrode, semi-transparent modules achieve 9.4% with AVT > 40%, and demonstrate excellent reproducibility[6,7].
Q.L. acknowledges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 22475225), the Key Program of Ningbo Public Welfare Research Plan (Grant No. 2025S007), and the Hundred Talents Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. Y60707WR46).
