Publication date: 11th March 2026
Two step deposition of lead iodide based perovskite can have many benefits as it separates the film printing from the end chemistry. This enables the formation of the film, thickness, coverage, uniformity, to be optimized separately to the end perovskite composition and morphology. The isolation of these also allows for the low-solubility lead iodide to be solubilized and deposited using relatively low toxicity solvents. In order to achieve uniform and permeable lead iodide films, DMF:DMSO is usually used. This solvent combination provides high solubility, enabling film and crystal morphology to be easily controlled using an air knife or different drying protocols.However, for scale up processes, which are often performed in open or semi-open environments, solvent extraction can become extremely difficult. As a result the toxicity, health considerations, and work exposure limits of solvents can severally hinder scale up efforts. This solvent system was identified using a combination of Hansen Solubility parameter analysis, and targeted solution trials, enabling solution stability and consistency refinement for consistent and uniform films.
However the real benefit of being able to print a convertible lead iodide layer is that the end perovskite composition can be varied by altering the salts in the conversion step. By maintaining the broad compatibility of the first step, pivotability in composition can be conserved, as it is defined by the conversion step. As organic iodine salts are usually readily soluble in lower toxicity solvents, the entire process toxicity can be reduced. Enabling scale up investigations of multi and alternative cation perovskites without the requirement to completely reformulate, and re-optimise for printability.
Whilst the individuality of the steps is a key take away, the interdependence is also investigated. Allowing a holistic approach to adaptable film formation. By taking this approach the scalability and variability can be adapted from spin coating to slot die coating, moving from proof of concept to roll to roll.
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