Publication date: 11th March 2026
The envisaged breakthrough of perovskite photovoltaic technologies demands rapid advances in scalable fabrication methods. In this study, we present close-space sublimation (CSS) as a vacuum-based, industrially relevant deposition method for the fabrication of high-quality perovskite absorbers. We have used this method to prepare low (1.54 eV) and intermediate bandgap (1.63 eV) perovskites. We provide mechanistic insights in the substitution-reaction-limited CSS process for the wide bandgap perovskite thin film fabrication and reveal a new way to control the bandgap of the perovskite absorber. Single junction solar cells with power conversion efficiency reaching 19 % and exceptional stability (90% retained performance after 1000 hours of operation at 75 °C under 1 sun) are obtained with these CSS based perovskites. Monolithic integration of the perovskite top-cells onto planar, nano-, and micro-textured silicon bottom cells, revealed consistent optoelectronic and morphological properties across all configurations, without requiring adjustments of deposition parameters. This robustness is confirmed through comprehensive characterization techniques, including external quantum efficiency, Suns‑VOC with selective illumination, scanning electron microscopy, and grazing-incidence wide-angle X‑ray scattering. The resulting tandem devices reached PCEs of up to 24.3%, with minimal variation across the different bottom cells. Our findings highlight the broad process window and versatility of CSS, positioning it as a promising deposition method for rapid and industry-suitable fabrication of efficient monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells.
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