Publication date: 11th March 2026
Lead halide perovskites have shown tremendous potential within photovoltaic applications due to their multifunctional properties, and the interest to study these has therefore grown at a quick pace the last decade. However, these materials have also shown to succumb to structural instability and degradation when exposed to external stress, such as heat, moisture, illumination etc. Thus, for these materials to be applicable in large scale production of e.g. solar cells, these challenges and efficiency limiting factors need to be addressed [1].
In order to study these degradation processes, we visit synchrotrons and use a technique known as X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES), where incident x-ray photons excite electrons in the perovskite under ultra-high vacuum conditions, thereby ejecting them from the surface of the material. By measuring the kinetic energy of the ejected electron, this technique can give element specific resolution of chemical and structural changes within the material.
By using an x-ray beam with low enough flux, we could ascertain that the x-rays themselves were not inducing any structural changes to the material. Thus, we could perform PES while additionally applying a 515 nm laser, the power of which could be tunable, in order to see how visible light affects the material.
Studying MAPbI3, MAPbBr3, MAPbBr3-xIx and MAPbBr3-yIy single crystals (where x and y indicate different ratios of the two halides) using the above-mentioned setup, we saw that the laser induces ion migration of the two halides over time, indicating that bromide migrates toward the surface of the material, while iodide moves toward the bulk. This process seems to be reversible to a certain extent when the laser is subsequently turned off, implicating a level of self-healing within the perovskite.
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