Publication date: 11th March 2026
Self-assembled monolayers (SAM) have emerged as effective hole-selective contacts in inverted hybrid halide perovskite solar cells, enabling reduced interfacial recombination and improved operational stability [1]. However, the hydrophobic nature of the commonly used anchoring groups in SAMs can reduce wettability and impede growth of the subsequent perovskite layer, thus complicating the layer-by-layer device fabrication [2]. Here, we report a one-step deposition strategy in which the carbazole-based SAM Ph-4PACz is directly introduced into a triple-cation wide-bandgap perovskite precursor ink (Eg ~1.68 eV), hence, eliminating the need for a separate SAM deposition step. This approach mitigates wettability issues associated with conventional sequential processing while simplifying the device fabrication protocol. Inverted perovskite solar cells fabricated via this co-deposition process exhibit improved photovoltaic performance, achieving a champion power conversion efficiency 20.73% with a Jsc, Voc and FF of 21.72 mA cm-2, 1.15 V and 83.2%, respectively (compared to the reference best device efficiency of 19.68%). Unencapsulated devices show enhanced stability during 500 h of light cycling at 65 °C. After an initial steep burn-in phase, the PCE stabilises and even exhibits a slight increase. To assess the generality of this strategy, the method is extended to devices incorporating Me-4PACz, yielding comparable performance trends. These results suggest that precursor-integrated SAM processing is a promising route toward simplified and potentially scalable interface engineering in inverted perovskite photovoltaics.
The authors acknowledge funding support from the projects - Zeitenwende (Beschleunigter Transfer der nächsten Generation von Solarzellen in die Massenfertigung) and PEARL (Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells via Carbon Electrodes)
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