Publication date: 11th March 2026
This work explores conductive cellulose-based films embedded with silver nanowires (AgNWs) exhibiting high transparency and conductivity as potential bio-based substrates for optoelectronic devices. Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer, has gained popularity as a sustainable material for developing multifunctional films for applications ranging from packaging to photovoltaics (PV) [1]. Cellulose offer advantages in terms of renewable origin, high functionality, and better recyclability compared to fossil-based materials such as glass and plastics. Recently, cellulose-based films emerged as a sustainable choice of substrates for advanced optoelectronics devices, including perovskite solar cells (PSCs) [2]. However, pure cellulose films typically present low optical transmittance, high surface roughness, and poor moisture barrier properties which limit their practical application as transparent-conductive substrates. Moreover, cellulose is inherently non-conductive and thus, films made from cellulose require deposition of transparent-conductive oxides such as indium-tin oxide (ITO), which is an energy intensive process and presents poor recycling opportunities [3]. Incorporation of conductive layers on film surface not only reduces its optical transparency but also increases surface roughness, which is unfavorable for use as a high-performance substrate.
VA, SY and KM thank Circular Materials Bioeconomy Network funded by Ministry of Education and Culture, Finland (CIMANET, Decision No. VN/3137/2024-OKM-6). JVG thanks Research Council of Finland, projects ECOSOL (347275) and BIOSOL (373667), and Ulla Tuominen Foundation. MH thanks PROFI7/SUSMAT funding provided by Research Council of Finland.
