Fluorene-Based Non-Fused-Ring Acceptors for Organic Solar Cells Applications
Virginia Lafranconi a, Suman Mallick a, Julia Hönigsberger a, Daniele Padula b, Heinz Amenitsch c, Thomas Rath a, Gregor Trimmel a
a Institute for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz, Austria
b Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, Via A. Moro 2, Siena, 53100, Italy
c Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV26)
Uppsala, Sweden, 2026 May 18th - 20th
Organizers: Gerrit Boschloo, Ellen Moons, Feng Gao and Anders Hagfeldt
Oral, Virginia Lafranconi, presentation 136
Publication date: 11th March 2026

Recent progress in the molecular design and synthesis of high-performance organic photovoltaic materials has resulted in a remarkable enhancement of power conversion efficiency, surpassing the 20% benchmark in single-junction devices, largely driven by the development of non-fullerene electron acceptors [1]. Despite the success of Y6 and its derivatives, fused-ring electron acceptors continue to suffer from complex, multistep synthetic routes and low-yield ring-closure reactions, which substantially challenge organic solar cells large-scale production and commercialization [2]. To address these limitations, the advent of non-fused-ring electron acceptors has emerged as a promising alternative due to their competitive photovoltaic properties, facile synthesis, and high yields, enabling the fabrication of cost-efficient devices [3]. These materials simplify conventional fused-ring architectures by substituting rigid polycyclic frameworks with simpler three-ring or mono-/bi-cyclic units connected through single σ-bonds, typically adopting an acceptor–π–donor–π–acceptor configuration. In this work, a pair of fluorene-based acceptors, FHM-Cl and FHM-F, respectively featuring a chlorinated and a fluorinated 1,1-dicyanomethylene-3-indanone end group, π-bridged through alkyl-substituted thiophene units to a fluorene core, were synthesized through a three-step route from commercially available precursors. Organic solar cells utilizing these acceptor molecules were subsequently fabricated and optimized with various donor materials. Notably, the combinations D18:FHM-Cl and D18:FHM-F achieved PCEs of 10.7% and 7.6%, respectively. A comprehensive study involving optical and electrical characterization, along with morphological analysis, demonstrated that the FHM-Cl-based solar cells exhibited superior light absorption, enhanced solid-state packing and reduced trap-assisted recombination. Moreover, the good shelf and thermal stability of the devices further highlight the potential of these acceptors for the design of low-cost and efficient organic solar cells, with FHM-F- and FHM-Cl-based devices showing efficiency losses of only 15% and 25%, respectively, after 950 h of thermal aging at 65 °C. Owing to their favorable absorption profiles and wide bandgaps, these novel acceptor molecules also show potential for application in indoor photovoltaic systems and in ternary device architectures.

The authors acknowledge the OPV Stability Project which has received funding from the European Union´s Horizon Europe MSCA-DN program under Grant Agreement Nr. 101120262, and CERIC-ERIC Consortium for the financial support and access to experimental facilities of the Austrian SAXS beamline at Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste.

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