Making the Case for Bio-Based Substrates and Encapsulants in Perovskite Solar Cells
Joaquín Valdez García a, Mahboubeh Hadadian a, Vidushi Aggarwal a, Sirius Yli-Paavola a, Marja Välimäki b, Riikka Suhonen b, Kati Miettunen a
a Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering University of Turku Vesilinnantie 5, Turku 20500, Finland
b VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd. Kaitoväylä 1, Oulu 90590, Finland
Proceedings of International Conference on Hybrid and Organic Photovoltaics (HOPV26)
Uppsala, Sweden, 2026 May 18th - 20th
Organizers: Gerrit Boschloo, Ellen Moons, Feng Gao and Anders Hagfeldt
Oral, Joaquín Valdez García, presentation 146
Publication date: 11th March 2026

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are highly printable, enabling large-volume production that is necessary to rapidly introduce this new technology to the market and help combat climate change . Flexible PSCs are typically deposited on synthetic polymer substrates such as PET and PEN—materials that suffer from poor gas barrier properties and low thermal stability [2], and whose fossil-based origin makes incineration for PSC recycling problematic. Cellulose, the backbone of paper and cotton, is a bio-based alternative to synthetic substrates, as it can form flexible and transparent films suitable for printed electronics [3]. Here, I show how cellulose can be crosslinked to improve solvent resistance [4] and how new electrode materials can be used to achieve low surface roughness while maintaining high conductivity and transparency [5], among other improvements. Transitioning to a bio-based substrate requires a combined effort from both the cellulose and perovskite communities. As we push for increased sustainability, the perovskite fabrication process must be adapted to use greener solvents [6], low-temperature deposition methods [], and more sustainable encapsulation materials []. We believe that this strategy can improve PSC recyclability and further advance the technology toward a more circular economy.

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