Publication date: 11th March 2026
The global average levelized cost of solar photovoltaics has surpassed onshore wind, placing them as the frontrunner renewable energy technology of the future. In parallel, solar panels incorporating perovskite materials in tandem with silicon have claimed centre stage in ensuring that costs continue to fall by enabling more power generation per unit area than silicon-only photovoltaics. To address several challenges to widespread adoption of perovskite-silicon tandem panels, namely the need to avoid hazardous solvents in solution processing and its inability to achieve conformal film growth on textured silicon, a hybrid film deposition technique is presented. As a proof of concept, formamidinium lead iodide films are fabricated by thermally evaporating a lead halide precursor, followed by two-step spin coating of organic salts dissolved in environmentally benign solvents. We induce low-dimensional phases prior to depositing formamidinium iodide to produce a compact, void-free final film (as observed under a scanning electron microscope) with a high degree of crystallinity and an absence of deleterious phases evidenced by X-ray diffraction measurements. The optoelectronic quality of the film is further verified from its absorption and photoluminescence. We nonetheless identify hindrances in the conversion and selective elimination of phases between processing steps, with observed penalties to the film morphology. This work demonstrates the applicability of growing formamidinium lead halide perovskite films with the aid of low-dimensional intermediate phases and the difficulties associated with the multi-step film conversion.
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