Publication date: 11th March 2026
Slot-die roll-to-roll (R2R) coating represents one of the most promising scalable coating techniques for large-area flexible perovskite solar cells, however, achieving large-area films with well-controlled crystallisation kinetics and performances matching those of laboratory-scale, spin-coated films remains a significant challenge.[1] Here, we employ our custom-designed beamline-integratable roll-to-roll slot die coater combined with simultaneous, multimodal in-situ characterisation, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical spectroscopy. This integrated approach enables complementary, real-time in-situ investigation of crystallisation phase, local structure, chemical composition, lead oxidation state and electronic properties during film formation.
Using this system, we study thin film formation from 2-methoxyethanol (2ME)/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP)-based perovskite precursor inks under varied quenching and annealing conditions. High-time-resolution (10) ms measurements during gas quenching reveal how gas quenching processes can be utilised to control crystallisation kinetics and achieve homogeneous chemical distributions, including in mixed-halide (I-Br) systems. The multimodal data reveal how solvent choice and film drying conditions impact wet-to-dry conversion, crystallisation kinetics and changes in the local environment of lead ions, establishing quantitative relationships between processing parameters and film microstructure. These studies provide a mechanistic understanding of the intricate interplay between solvents, intermediates and processing parameters on perovskite formation during R2R deposition.
These studies demonstrate how multimodal X-ray and optical in situ techniques can be leveraged to rationalise and optimise processing windows for balancing nucleation density, crystal growth rate and film uniformity toward high-throughput, large-area perovskite device manufacturing.
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