Publication date: 11th March 2026
Mixed tin/lead (Sn/Pb) perovskites have demonstrated the potential to achieve higher performances in single-junction solar cells compared to lead-based compounds alone. Currently, the most commonly used hole transport layer (HTL) for Sn/Pb-based perovskite solar cells is PEDOT:PSS, despite ongoing concerns about the possible detrimental effects of this conductive polymer on the long-term stability and performance of the active layer.
Recently, we have shown that self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of [2-(3,6-dibromo-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (Br-2PACz) offer significant advantages when used as the HTL in solar cells with the active layer Cs₀.₂₅FA₀.₇₅Sn₀.₅Pb₀.₅I₃ [1]. In this presentation, I will demonstrate how different halogenated PAC molecules influence the buried interface passivation, influencing the overal device stability. Specifically, the perovskite layer deposited on SAMs exhibits higher crystallinity, reduced pinhole density, larger grains, and a lower defect density at the buried interface, when compared with layers grown on PEDOT:PSS. I will also show devices achieving efficiencies above 25% by combining this HTL with appropriate top surface passivation. Finally, I will provide a critical understanding of the mechanism of the surface passivation.
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