Publication date: 11th March 2026
The commercialization of perovskite solar cells faces three critical challenges: reliance on the use of toxic solvents, large variation in perovskite film quality across large-area substrate, and limited operational reliability. Here, we address these challenges firstly by developing a non-hazardous solvent system for large-scale manufacturing of void-free and defect-minimized perovskite films under ambient air conditions. We further improve the film uniformity by introducing a solvent confinement edge-protection strategy that mitigates the rapid solvent evaporation over wet perovskite films and at substrate edges during slot-die coating. We recently further improve the efficiency by adopting stable surface passivation. These approaches enable the production of 7,200 cm2 commercial perovskite photovoltaic modules with a certified total-area efficiency above 22%. The commercial-scale modules meet all reliability criteria of the IEC 61215 standards, as independently certified by TÜV Rheinland, demonstrating their readiness for real-world deployment.
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