Publication date: 11th March 2026
Lead halide perovskites are semiconductors with excellent optoelectronic properties that are promising for solar cell applications to approach the increasing demand for energy on earth due to their power conversion efficiency (PCE) that is approaching the one of silicon solar cells. Additionally, they are easy to produce and the cost of production is low. A crucial issue is the insufficient long-term stability. High defect densities and ion conductivity have a significant effect on the device performance.
Despite the high attention in the perovskite research, there are insufficient fundamental investigations regarding the cause of the instability. The widely-used hole-transport materials (HTM) spiro-OMeTAD, e.g. requires an addition of ions to reach the best efficiencies but these added ions also induce instabilities of the solar cells.
Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells (ssDSSC) can be used as model systems to understand the effect of the additives in the HTM more isolated from the complex perovskite. The dye at the interface of the electron-transport material (ETL, e.g. TiO2) and the HTM acts here as the active absorber material as well as a probe. The UV-vis absorption response of the dye changes depending on the present interfacial electric field which differs upon the presence of different ions. The Stark shift was already observed with solid electrolytes but the effect of the ions just in liquid electrolytes. Understanding the exact dynamics of the HTM and its additives would help improving not only ssDSSC but also lead halide perovskite solar cells as emerging photovoltaic materials.
Different in-operando and in-situ opto-electrical measurements were already carried out but more work will be conducted in the future. Optimized high-efficient ssDSSC with different additives in the spiro-OMeTAD (HTM) were measured with steady-state absorption with different applied potentials to understand the strength of the Stark shift under real solar cell operating conditions. The spectral shift of the dye at the interface is clearly seen and needs to be understood better with further investigations along this line.
The research was funded by the Swedish Research Council, grant number 2022-03573.
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