Publication date: 11th March 2026
Monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are emerging as a leading photovoltaic technology to overcome the efficiency limits of single-junction silicon devices. Achieving high-performance tandem devices requires deposition methods capable of producing uniform, high-quality perovskite layers with tunable optoelectronic properties.
Here, we report a hybrid two-step deposition strategy combining thermal evaporation and solution processing for the fabrication of methylammonium-free mixed-halide perovskites. CsxFA1−x Pb (IyBr1−y)3 films were prepared via co-evaporation of PbI₂/CsI precursor layers followed by spin-coating of FABr/FAI solutions and thermal annealing. This approach enables the formation of thermally stable wide-bandgap perovskite absorbers suitable for tandem solar cells.
By adjusting the FABr/FAI ratio, the perovskite bandgap was tuned from 1.54 to 1.72 eV. Structural, morphological, and optical characterization using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and UV–vis spectroscopy confirmed the formation of crystalline, compact films with controllable optoelectronic properties.
A composition with 1.66 eV bandgap, optimal for tandem integration, was implemented in p-i-n perovskite solar cells on glass/ITO substrates using PTAA or MeO-2PACz as hole transport layers and thermally evaporated C60 as electron transport layer. Additive engineering and process optimization were explored to enhance film uniformity, reproducibility and device performance.
A semitransparent top-cell architecture was realized using a C60/SnO2/TCO rear contact stack based on ALD-deposited SnO2 and sputtered ITO. Ongoing work focuses on further improving device performance and scalability toward monolithic tandem implementation.
These results demonstrate hybrid evaporation–solution deposition as a promising strategy for scalable fabrication of wide-bandgap perovskite absorbers for high-efficiency tandem photovoltaics.
This work was supported by MASE (Ministero dell'Ambiente e della Sicurezza Energetica) in the framework of the Operating Agreements with ENEA for Mission Innovation and for Research on the Electric System.
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