Publication date: 11th March 2026
Our group has developed several photoluminescence (PL) measurement techniques for the quality assessment of organic photovoltaic (OPV) structures and devices, with a focus on methods suitable for industrial deployment. In this work, we extend our previous static and dynamic PL studies by introducing spectral photoluminescence (S-PL) and hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging (hyp-PL), discussing their individual advantages, limitations, and complementarity in OPV characterization. The photo-response of the absorber layers was investigated using time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC), which provides time-resolved fluorescence dynamics under low excitation conditions. While the signal amplitude depends on structural properties, the extracted decay times—often below 1 ns—are primarily associated with the molecular species present, making TCSPC a useful tool for probing intrinsic material dynamics. Single-point spectral PL (S-PL) further enables the analysis of composition and local suitability of donor and acceptor components.
Beyond point-specific analysis, examining sample homogeneity is essential, particularly for large-area, roll-to-roll (R2R) solution-based processing. PL imaging addresses this need by providing either spectral or monochromatic information depending on the requirements. While hyp-PL is better suited for general research purposes—providing simultaneous spatial and spectral data—intensity-based PL (i-PL) represents a practical compromise for industrial applications. In addition to higher speeds and lower costs, i-PL offers superior resolution, enabling efficient, full-width monitoring of R2R production with a single camera to detect deposition-related defects in real time. We found that while hyp-PL provides lower spatial resolution than S-PL, it remains sufficient for a satisfactory investigation of sample composition. Furthermore, the use of appropriate optical filters with i-PL allows for the detection of all relevant defects; by correlating these findings with hyp-PL results, the specific nature of the identified inhomogeneities can be effectively determined.
This work was supported by Automated Manufacturing Production Line for Integrated Printed Organic Photovoltaics’ — ‘Flex2Energy’.
Grant Agreement number: 101096803 — Flex2Energy — HORIZON-CL5-2022-D3-01 a Horizon Europe Framework Programme (HORIZON).
This research was supported by the NKFIH grants 2022-2.1.1-NL-2022-00004, KDP-IKT-2023-900-I1-00000957/0000003 and by the János Bolyai Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
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