Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as leading next-generation photovoltaics, combining outstanding optoelectronic properties with record power conversion efficiencies approaching those of crystalline silicon at lab scale [1]. Their composition from widely available elements and compatibility with low-temperature, solution-based thin-film processing makes PSCs strong candidates for low-cost, high-throughput manufacturing. At the same time, industrial deployment is still constrained by the need to translate lab-scale processes to large-area tools without sacrificing efficiency, to guarantee long-term operational stability on the order of commercial modules, and to ensure both economic and environmental sustainability. Within this context, flexible PSCs are especially attractive due to their mechanical durability and compatibility with roll-to-roll (R2R) methods enable lightweight, conformable modules for portable, wearable, and building-integrated applications.

In this work, we report major advances toward scalable fabrication of flexible perovskite solar modules. The development focuses on three pillars: (i) upscaling charge-selective transport layers and contacts, (ii) implementing ambient-compatible, scalable coating of the perovskite absorber, and (iii) optimizing laser scribing for module interconnection (P1–P2–P3). Building on materials and process innovations, we successfully transfer lab-scale recipes to scalable, R2R-compatible processes on PET/ITO substrates using DMSO-based perovskite ink.

We demonstrate functional modules with stable and reproducible performance, culminating in a 10 × 10 cm² flexible module showing a peak PCE of 13% on aperture area. Remarkably, the active area efficiency of the module (with a geometrical fill factor of 93%) has reached 13.8% PCE. In comparison to small scale flexible devices with an active area <1 cm² and with an efficiency of 14.2%,  the modules maintain nearly identical efficiency, evidencing excellent process control over coating uniformity, perovskite crystallization, and laser patterning. Surface and structural characterization via SEM and XRD confirm the high crystallinity and morphological uniformity of the perovskite layer over large areas, underscoring the quality of the film formation under scalable conditions.

These results represent a key milestone toward industrially relevant flexible perovskite photovoltaics. The demonstrated scalability, reproducibility, and performance of DMSO‑based perovskite inks on PET/ITO validate their suitability for R2R manufacturing and provide a robust platform for subsequent pilot‑scale module demonstration. Furthermore, the 10 × 10 cm² modules were successfully encapsulated without measurable loss in performance, highlighting their mechanical and environmental durability under realistic handling conditions.

[1] Best Research-Cell Efficiency Chart, National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO, USA (accessed 2026)