Publication date: 11th March 2026
As a rapidly evolving technology, perovskite solar cells have attracted significant attention in the scientific community, with efficiencies surpassing silicon-based solar cells [1]. Their low-cost fabrication and mechanical flexibility boost their potential for scalable applications. Despite advances in photovoltaic technologies, high efficiency and long-term stability remain challenging. Perovskite materials are sensitive to environmental stressors and susceptible to defect states during synthesis. These defects act as non-radiative recombination centres, limiting both performance and stability. To address this, surface passivation strategies—especially those using organic salts—are used to reduce defect density and improve efficiency [2].
Building on these advancements, previously conducted research found that the isothiouronium functional group interacts well with the perovskite layer and reduces various defects. To further improve the interface between the perovskite and hole-transport materials, an additional functional group was incorporated to interact with the charge-transporting layer. Accordingly, a series of new organic materials was synthesised in a single step by introducing isothiouronium moieties functionalised with phosphonic or carboxylic acids. These acids serve as anchoring groups that interact with the ITO contact material [3]. This enables fast charge transport and improves the overall performance of perovskite solar cells. Passivating agents were used to passivate the perovskite bottom layer in inverted-structure devices.
In the context of these developments, bifunctional passivating agents were compared, and the effect of the resulting compounds on perovskite solar cells was evaluated. Passivated perovskite solar cells with the highest reported efficiencies were subsequently sent to an independent photovoltaic calibration laboratory for certified measurements, which yielded 26.8% for a 0.05 cm2 device and 25.2% for a 1.03 cm2 device.
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