Publication date: 11th March 2026
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have emerged as a leading photovoltaic technology, achieving power conversion efficiencies exceeding 27 % since their creation in 2009.[1] However, despite this rapid progress, several key challenges continue to limit their large-scale commercialization, particularly the poor long-term stability of perovskite materials and the reliance on costly organic hole-transporting materials (HTMs).
One of the key components of the PSC architecture is the hole-transporting material, which strongly influences device efficiency and stability. Usually, HTMs used today, such as spiro-OMeTAD, often require complex synthesis routes and expensive dopants, increasing device cost. Thus, it is crucial to create more efficient HTMs with simpler synthesis to reduce costs.
In this work, ferrocene-based HTMs are explored as promising alternatives. Owing to their unique redox properties, structural tunability, and potential for simplified synthesis, these materials are attractive candidates for next-generation PSCs.
Ferrocene was employed as a central building block for the design and synthesis of new HTMs with good charge-transport properties. The resulting materials exhibit high thermal decomposition and glass transition temperatures, appropriate energy level alignment with the perovskite valence band, and efficient charge transport. Notably, the best-performing device incorporating V1538 achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.6%, surpassing the benchmark spiro-OMeTAD in both efficiency and operational stability.
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