Publication date: 11th March 2026
In this study, we tackled the persistent issue of ion and metal diffusion in perovskite solar cells—a major obstacle for their long-term stability. We developed a straightforward, scalable solution by spray-coating exfoliated graphite interlayers between the device layers. These graphite films act as a physical barrier that stops moisture from getting in and prevents ions like lithium and iodide from migrating between the perovskite, the hole transport layer, and the metal electrodes.
To understand how these layers work, we used a range of techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), current–voltage (J–V) characteristics, transient photocurrent (TPC) and transient photovoltage (TPV) decay measurements. We found that the graphite does not just block unwanted diffusion; it also passivates defects and cuts down on energy losses caused by non-radiative recombination. As a result, our best devices achieved a 25% power conversion efficiency and a fill factor over 80%. More importantly, the graphite significantly boosted the devices' operational lifespan under stress. Our findings suggest that 2D carbon materials offer a practical, low-cost way to make perovskite photovoltaics both efficient and durable enough for real-world applications.
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