Publication date: 11th March 2026
Tandem solar cells are a promising option towards achieving higher photovoltaic efficiency, yet their electrical response is intrinsically complex due to the coupled behaviour of multiple sub-cells connected with each other[1],[2]. In this work, we present a mixed-mode Sentaurus TCAD approach to extract and highlight the contributions of the sub-cells through the current density–voltage (JV) and AC impedance analysis from within the Tandem structure and verify the results at the maximum power point.
The simulations are performed for standalone perovskite and silicon-based structures, as well as for the tandem structure [3]. To investigate and extract sub-cell behaviour from within the tandem configuration, large parallel resistors are introduced in a mixed-mode configuration with an introduction of a floating mid contact at the tunnel junction. This method helped us to extract individual sub-cell and tandem responses at a specific DC operating point. Furthermore, this approach provides direct access to sub-cell resolved JV characterisation and impedance spectra without modifying the physical structure of the tandem solar cell.
The results highlight that the tandem’s Nyquist response demonstrates multiple characteristic features corresponding to distinct sub-cell physical processes. While the standalone simulations facilitate clear physical interpretation of these contributions. The combined JV and AC analysis highlights and explains how sub-cell specific physical processes appear in the overall tandem response.
This work demonstrates a practical simulation strategy for understanding and highlighting internal device dynamics in tandem solar cells and provides a framework for interpreting impedance signatures in complex photovoltaic architectures with the verified accuracy of the results.
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