Perovskite thin films exhibit exceptionally high material gain under optical excitation, enabling low threshold amplified spontaneous emission and lasing across a wide spectral range. Translating these gain properties into electrically pumped laser operation, however, remains a major unsolved challenge. Unlike optically pumped devices, electrically driven perovskite gain media must simultaneously satisfy requirements on charge injection balance, carrier density, thermal management, and optical feedback, all within a materials system characterized by mixed ionic–electronic transport.

In this presentation, we focus on the electrical generation of optical gain in perovskite thin films and assess the physical bottlenecks that currently limit electrically pumped operation. We begin with an overview of recent progress in electrically driven perovskite emitters approaching the gain regime.

A central theme of the talk is a direct, quantitative comparison between optical and electrical pumping under matched excitation conditions. By using identical pulse lengths, repetition rates, and duty cycles, we isolate intrinsic gain dynamics from extrinsic electrical effects. This side‑by‑side comparison reveals pronounced differences in gain efficiency and temporal stability, with Joule heating emerging as the dominant limitation for electrically injected carriers. Even for short electrical pulses, resistive losses substantially reduce the achievable carrier density and induce spectral shifts that are absent under purely optical excitation. These experiments provide clear insight into how thermal effects, rather than fundamental gain limitations, constrain electrically pumped perovskite lasers.

To further disentangle electrical injection from optical gain generation, we elaborate on the co‑pumping approach in which electrical and optical excitation pulses are temporally overlaid. In this hybrid configuration, the optical pump serves as a well‑defined gain reference, while the additional electrical injection modifies the carrier population and modal gain. By monitoring changes in amplified spontaneous emission intensity, threshold behavior, and spectral linewidth, the electrical contribution to the total gain can be quantified directly. This methodology enables a systematic analysis of gain enhancement and establishes co‑pumping as a powerful diagnostic for evaluating electrically driven gain in perovskite thin films.

In the final part of the presentation, we report on our recent progress in resonator design for perovskite‑based lasers, with a focus on concepts compatible with electrical injection and reproducible fabrication. We discuss resonator architectures that provide robust optical feedback while minimizing additional losses and thermal load, as well as integration strategies with planar photonic platforms. These efforts aim to establish scalable and reliable cavity concepts that bridge the gap between optically pumped demonstrations and electrically driven perovskite laser diodes.

Together, these results provide new physical insight into electrically generated gain in perovskite thin films and outline clear pathways toward integrating perovskite gain media with practical optical resonators for future thin‑film laser diodes.