Publication date: 15th May 2026
The performance and operational stability of lead halide perovskite optoelectronics are persistently limited by surface defects arising from residual precursor phases, undercoordinated lead, and halide vacancies. Here we show that a single multifunctional organic salt, 2-diethylaminoethanethiol hydrochloride (DEAET), bearing a thiol and a protonated tertiary amine, can address these challenges across three distinct perovskite device technologies, adapting its interaction pathway to the stoichiometric environment of each underlying film. In PbI₂-rich FAPbI₃ solar cells, DEAET reduces residual PbI₂ by ~40% and fully eliminates metallic Pb⁰ through thiol and ammonium coordination, without forming low-dimensional phases, delivering an average PCE of 19.0% (champion 21.0%) and stable operation exceeding 350 h. In FAI-rich FAPbI₃ LEDs, the molecule instead regulates residual formamidinium iodide through hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, raising the PLQY from 9% to 30% and yielding devices with ~14% EQE and 15-day air stability without encapsulation. In mixed-cation CsFAMA memristors, DEAET reacts with excess PbI₂ to form a low-dimensional perovskitoid overlayer that confines the conducting filament, achieving 100% device yield, over two months of stable operation, and 400 fJ per synaptic event under light illumination. This work demonstrates, for the first time, that a single molecular additive can unify the passivation of solar cells, LEDs, and memristors, establishing a new paradigm for the rational molecular engineering of perovskite optoelectronics.
The research project was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) through Consolidator Grant (818615-MIX2FIX).
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