Reaction of Metallic Lead (Pb) and Polyiodide (MAI3) Opens New Route to Fabricate MAPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells

Said Kazaoui^a, Ivan Turkevych^b, Sonya Kosar^c, Eugene Goodilin^d, Alexey Tarasov^d, Michael Graetzel^e

^aResearch Center for Photovoltaics (RCPV), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan, Japan

^bResearch Center for Advanced Science and Technology (RCAST), The University of Tokyo, Japan, Japan

^cOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST),, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, Japan

^dLomonosov Moscow State University, Lenin Hills, Moscow, Russian Federation

^eEcole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland

Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics
Proceedings of International Conference on Perovskite and Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics (IPEROP19)

Kyōto-shi, Japan, 2019 January 27th - 29th

Organizers: Hideo Ohkita, Atsushi Wakamiya and Mohammad Nazeeruddin

Poster, Said Kazaoui, 099
Publication date: 23rd October 2018

Perovskite solar cells (PVs) are attracting the attention of academia and industry due to their high efficiency and relatively low-cost fabrication. However higher efficiency and stability, as well as further cost reduction are highly demanded to meet the requirements for future commercialization.

Here, we report a novel method to fabricate perovskite absorber layers and solar cells based on the reaction between metallic lead (Pb) film and polyiodide (MAI₃) melt, which is form according to the following unique reactions: MAI_(s)+I_2(v)→MAI_3(L) then MAI_3(L)+Pb⁽⁰⁾_(s)→MAPbI_3(s)[1, 2]. The iodization reaction MAI_(s)+I_2(v)→MAI_3(L), which is controlled by I₂ partial vapor pressure, forms a very reactive MAI_3(L) polyiodide melt (liquid) that converts Pb⁽⁰⁾_(s) solid into MAPbI_3(s) solid without using organic solvents at ~50^oC and ~1atm. We stress that the crucial steps are the iodization reaction MAI_(s)+I_2(v)→MAI_3(L)and oxidation reaction Pb⁽⁰⁾→Pb⁽²⁺⁾that control of the oxidation state (e.g. Pb⁽²⁺⁾) and defect density (e.g. I^-,MA⁺) of the perovskite.

Experimentally, a thin layer of metallic Pb (typically ~60nm deposited by vacuum technique on various substrates) was coated with stoichiometric amounts of MAI or CsI/MAI/FAI (typically ~200nm deposited by vacuum technique) and subsequently was exposed to iodine vapor (typically at ~50^oC and ~1atm). The instantly formed MAI_3(L) or Cs(MA,FA)I_3(L) polyiodide liquid readily converts the Pb layer into MAPbI_3(s)or (Cs_0.05MA_0.15FA_0.75)PbI_3(s)perovskite film without byproducts. It worth mentioning that our method is in a striking contrast to PbI₂+MAI→MAPbI₃using either organic solvent or vacuum techniques. Interestingly our novel method shares some similarities with the techniques used to synthesis Copper-Indium-Gallium-Selenide (CIGS) solar cells. As a proof-of-concept, we demonstrate small area solar cells with power conversion efficiencies of 16.12% (planar MAPbI₃), 17.18% (mesoscopic MAPbI₃) and 16.89% (planar Cs_0.05MA_0.15FA_0.75PbI₃) in the standard FTO/TiO₂/Perovskite/Spiro-OMeTAD/Au architecture.

Detailed investigations of the perovskite absorber layers and solar cells will be reported at this conference.

References:

[1] “A new formation strategy of hybrid perovskites via room temperature reactive polyiodide melts”, Andrey A. Petrov, Nikolai A. Belich, Aleksei Y. Grishko, Nikita M. Stepanov, Sergey G. Dorofeev, Eugene G. Maksimov, Andrei V. Shevelkov, Shaik M. Zakeeruddin, Michael Graetzel, Alexey B. Tarasov and Eugene A. Goodilin Mater. Horiz. 4, 625–632 (2017).

[2] “Strategic advantages of reactive polyiodide melts for scalable perovskite photovoltaics”, I. Turkevych,* S. Kazaoui,* N. Belich, A. Grishko, S. Fateev, A. Petrov, T. Urano, S. Aramaki, S. Kosar, M. Kondo, E. Goodilin, M. Graetzel, A. Tarasov (Nature Nanotechnology, published online 27/11/2018)

Acknowledgements:

We thank Nikolai A. Belich, Aleksei Y. Grishko, Sergey A. Fateev and Andrey A. Petrov (from Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU)) for their great contribution to this work. These authors contributed equally: Ivan Turkevych, Said Kazaoui. Reference [2] is also available from SharedIt link: https://rdcu.be/bb0aA

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