Publication date: 4th October 2024
Carbazole-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have shown to be efficient hole transport materials in inverted perovskite solar cells, offering low parasitic absorption and producing reduced non-radiative recombination losses at the interface with the perovskite layer.1 These SAMs have shown to be promising in small-area devices (≤1 cm2), but knowledge regarding alternative deposition methods beyond the common spin-coating approach is lacking, such as for upscaling and use in large area devices.2,3 We compare spin-coating with thermal evaporation and spray-coating deposition methods, for one of the most common carbazole-based SAMs, [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz). We show that the deposition method impacts the device performance and that spray-coating yields higher device performance, by forming a thicker layer. It is found that the optimal 2PACz deposition conditions corresponding to the highest device performances do not always show monolayer characteristics. Furthermore, we provide an extensive characterization of 2PACz films focusing on spray-coating and thermal evaporation methods and we give guidelines for the deposition of 2PACz for the fabrication of proof-of-concept perovskite solar modules.
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