Publication date: 5th November 2025
This study elucidates the role of phenolphthalein (PHTH) as an additive in enhancing the photovoltaic performance and operational stability of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated under ambient conditions. Incorporation of PHTH into the perovskite precursor solution markedly improved the film quality and device performance. At an optimal concentration of 10 mg mL⁻¹, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) increased from 14.6 % to 19.9 %, accompanied by negligible hysteresis. Furthermore, the PHTH-modified PSCs retained approximately 90 % of their initial efficiency after 720 h of storage in air (25 oC, 30 % relative humidity), whereas the control devices degraded to ~30 % under identical conditions (Figure 1). The superior performance is attributed to the dual functionality of PHTH: it acts as a molecular adhesive promoting the formation of highly ordered FAPbI3 crystals, and as an O-donor Lewis base that coordinates with Pb2+ and FA+ ions. These interactions suppress non-radiative recombination and facilitate the phase transformation from the non-perovskite δ-phase to the photoactive a-phase. This work demonstrates that PHTH is an effective molecular additive for achieving high-efficiency, air-stable FAPbI3-based PSCs[1].
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