Crystallization-regulating molecular electron contacts enable efficient perovskite photovoltaics
Guozheng Du a, Wei Wang a, Heping Shen a, Klaus Weber a
a School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia.
Oral, Guozheng Du, presentation 011
Publication date: 22nd October 2026

Tin oxide (SnO2) remains the dominant electron transport layer (ETL) in n-i-p perovskite solar cells. However, the heterogeneous surface chemistry and process-dependent film formation complicate control over buried interfaces and absorber crystallization. Here we report phthalimide-based electron-selective self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) that replace conventional SnO2 contacts. The methoxy oxygen in ETL-OMe coordinated with PbI2-derived precursors, increasing the apparent activation energy for second-step phase conversion and delaying crystallization. Building on this molecular design, we constructed a dimeric SAM architecture, ETL-2PA, that substantially strengthened substrate attachment, improved resistance to solvent and thermal stress, and further regulated precursor conversion, yielding perovskite films with enhanced crystalline order, compact buried interfaces and reduced non-radiative recombination. ETL-2PA-based devices achieved the champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.79% and an independently certified efficiency of 26.5%, establishing a benchmark for n-i-p devices with organic ETLs. Unencapsulated devices remained ~95% of the initial PCE after 2500 h of continuous maximum-power-point operation, while encapsulated devices retained ~90% after 1350 h of damp-heat aging at 85 °C and 85% relative humidity and after 400 thermal cycles between -40 ~ 80 °C. These results established electron-selective molecular contacts as chemically active regulators of perovskite formation.

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