Proceedings of Asia-Pacific International Conference on Perovskite, Organic Photovoltaics and Optoelectronics (IPEROP27)
Publication date: 22nd October 2026
The use of low-boiling-point halogenated solvents is common in lab-scale organic solar cell (OSC) fabrication to achieve high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs), but their high volatility hinders large-scale fabrication. High-boiling-point, non-halogenated solvents are adopted as alternatives, but they often result in significant efficiency losses due to inferior morphology. In this work, we adopt a simplified process using toluene as a less hazardous solvent, enabling scalable and industrial production without any post-treatment. We introduce two giant guest acceptors (G-1O and G-3O), featuring distinct oxygenated side chains, to modulate molecular interactions, pre-aggregation in solution, crystallization kinetics, and dielectric constant within the PM6:BTP-eC9 blend. The incorporation of giant acceptors effectively prolongs the crystallization time, inhibiting rapid acceptor aggregation and promoting smaller phase separation. Moreover, the addition of G-1O which has a shorter oxygenated side chain exhibits a more homogeneous phase separation. In contrast, G-3O featuring a longer oxygenated side chain, induces uneven phase separation. Therefore, the G-1O-based ternary device achieves an outstanding PCE of 19.90% in a small-area cell without anti-reflection coating (ARC), which further increases to 20.02% with ARC. Notably, a high PCE of 16.97% is also obtained in a large-area module (15.6 cm², without dead zone). These findings highlight the critical role of oxygenated side-chain engineering in guest molecules for tuning crystallization kinetics under toluene processing, achieving record performance.
