Publication date: 21st July 2025
Three-dimensional (3D) morphology and composition govern the properties of nanoparticles (NPs). However, due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, the morphology and composition of nanomaterials are not as static as those for their bulk counterparts. One major influence is the increase in relative contribution of surface diffusion, which underlines rapid reshaping of NPs in response to changes in their environment. If not accounted for, these effects might affect the robustness of prospective NPs in practically relevant conditions, such as elevated temperatures, intense light illumination, or changing chemical environments. In situ techniques are promising tools to study NP transformations under relevant conditions. Among those tools, in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) provides an elegant platform to directly visualize NP changes down to the atomic scale. By the use of specialized holders or microscopes, external stimuli, such as heat, or environments, such as gas and liquids, can be controllably introduced inside the TEM. However, standard TEM yields two-dimensional (2D) projection images of 3D objects.With the growing complexity of NP shapes and compositions, the information that is obtained in this manner is often insufficient to understand intricate diffusion dynamics. In this contribution, I will describe recent progress on measuring NP transformations in 3D inside the electron microscope.
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