Publication date: 21st July 2025
The global move towards net zero economies requires suitable energy storage solutions. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) lead the way in battery technology, but their increasing demand causes problems due to the low abundance and high cost of lithium and precious metals commonly used in the cathode material. Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are an attractive alternative that have significant sustainability advantages over LIBs. Unlike lithium, sodium is widely abundant and evenly distributed across the globe. The sustainability of SIBs is further improved as they allow cobalt-free cathodes to be used and the copper current collectors at the anode (used in LIBs) to be replaced by aluminium.[1]
This presentation focuses on the electrolyte for sodium-ion batteries, where the benchmark salt is NaPF6, which is appropriated from LIBs. While NaPF6-based electrolytes give high ionic conductivity and stable long-term battery cycling, NaPF6 is hygroscopic and decomposes to give toxic HF and POF3 etc.[2] This presentation discuses the properties of NaPF6 electrolytes in carbonate solvents and the effect on electrolyte concentration, where lower concentrations give comparable cycling performance in sodium-ion coin cells. This allows for reduced battery manufacturing costs and improved safety, reducing the amount of HF.[3]
Using alternative electrolyte salts to NaPF6 are then discussed, with the aim of moving to a safer battery electrolyte. Sodium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) is an emerging alternative electrolyte salt that is nontoxic and has high thermal stability. However, there are concerns about aluminium corrosion of the current collector.[4] This presentation discusses aluminium corrosion when using NaTFSI in carbonate solvents and compares the performance of NaPF6 and NaTFSI electrolytes in SIBs. Lastly, this presentation will discuss the challenges of non-fluorinated electrolyte salts and potential anions that can be used.[5]
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