Publication date: 21st July 2025
In the development of more sustainable rechargeable batteries, battery safety, and in particular flammability, has become of greater interest. Non-flammable or flame-retarding liquid electrolytes are currently under development.[1] They are designed to offer the benefits of a conventional electrolyte, e.g. high ionic conductivity and wettability, but with the additional safety aspects. A common challenge, however, is the detrimental reaction of such electrolytes at the electrode-electrolyte interface (e.g. solvent co-intercalation leading to graphite exfoliation, or the formation of resistive solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers), resulting in poor performance.
Recent studies have shown several fluorinated carbonates as well as organophosphates as being promising candidates as non-flammable solvents or flame-retarding co-solvents/additives. One example of those we have investigated is bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (TFEC), which was used as a co-solvent with state-of-the-art carbonate ester solvents.[2] Comparable electrochemical performance was achieved when assessed against a benchmark, while very high TFEC fractions led to increased interfacial resistance and poor performance.
Electrolytes based on a non-flammable solvent, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl methyl carbonate (FEMC), have also shown promise for their non-flammability attributes and other properties, but require approaches to stabilise the interfaces. Two such strategies are presented; the use of electrolyte additives, and interface engineering by pre-passivation.[3,4] The interfacial behaviour of FEMC-based electrolytes will also be discussed including properties of the formed SEI.