Publication date: 21st July 2025
Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), which rely on organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors (OMIECs) to modulate bulk conductivity through ion exchange with an electrolyte, are increasingly used in bioelectronics, energy storage, actuation, and sensing. We recently introduced a new design paradigm based on blending p-type and n-type OMIECs to achieve enhanced device performance and multifunctionality. By tuning the blend composition and applying thermal treatments, we precisely control microstructural features such as phase separation, crystallinity, and domain morphology—optimizing both ionic and electronic transport and their coupling. This strategy enabled the realization of fully balanced ambipolar OECTs capable of modulating both cations and anions in a single device. Moreover, we extended this approach to create dual-mode transistors that combine OMIECs and organic semiconductors, allowing operation as both an Electrolyte-Gated Organic Field-Effect Transistor (EGOFET) and an OECT. Controlled phase separation facilitates seamless switching between these modes. Our results offer a new materials framework for designing tunable, multifunctional organic transistors with improved ionic–electronic coupling—advancing the development of next-generation bioelectronic interfaces and sensing technologies.