Publication date: 21st July 2025
Halide perovskites (HPs) continue to revolutionize optoelectronics due to their outstanding properties—tunable bandgaps, high absorption coefficients (10⁴–10⁵ cm⁻¹), and remarkable defect tolerance. These features have enabled advances in photodetectors (PDs) and light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs), with recent external quantum efficiencies (EQE) in PeLEDs exceeding 26%, surpassing those of planar OLEDs [1-4]. Nevertheless, the field demands scalable, material-efficient, and environmentally responsible manufacturing processes.
Inkjet printing has emerged as a transformative technology for perovskite optoelectronics, offering digital patterning, low material waste, and compatibility with flexible substrates. Since early implementations yielded modest efficiencies below 10% [3,4], the technique has matured toward fully inkjet-printed PeLEDs [5], integration with sustainable solvent systems [6], and novel device functionalities. Recent efforts by our group include:
(i) Fully inkjet-printed green PeLEDs using CsPbBr₃ nanocrystal inks, where post-print annealing was found to modulate structural dimensionality and increase photoluminescence by over 70-fold [5].
(ii) Red-emitting TEA₂SnI₄ and PEA₂SnI₄ PeLEDs fabricated with eco-friendly DMSO inks, demonstrating excellent emission stability and environmental compliance with EU RoHS directives [6].
(iii) Photodetectors based on 2D/3D tin perovskite (PEA₀.₅BA₀.₅)₂FA₉Sn₁₀I₃₁, showing high responsivity (up to 50 A/W), broadband detection from UV to near-infrared, and improved performance over time under effective encapsulation strategies [7].
(iv) Single-mode random lasing in inkjet-printed FASnI₃ integrated into vertical cavities, reaching Q-factors up to 1000 and demonstrating low-threshold, spectrally stable lasing [8].
This body of work underscores the convergence of scalable inkjet printing with advanced functional materials, offering new opportunities in optoelectronic design. Detailed evaluation of ink formulation, printing parameters, and annealing protocols reveals pathways to control crystallization dynamics, mitigate printing artifacts (e.g., coffee-ring effects), and optimize film morphology. Additionally, green chemistry approaches—including the replacement of lead with tin and DMF with DMSO—are shown to substantially reduce environmental impact without compromising device performance.
The integration of light emission and photodetection capabilities in similar material platforms further supports the vision of multifunctional, monolithically integrated perovskite optoelectronics. These advances position inkjet printing as a key enabling technology for future applications in wearable electronics, flexible photonics, smart displays, and sustainable photonic systems.
[1] Zhao, B. et al., Nature Nanotechnology 18, 981–992 (2023).
[2] Wenger, B. et al., Nat Commun 8, DOI 10.1038/s41467-017-00567-8 (2017).
[3] Shen, W. et al., ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 14, 5682-5691 (2022).
[4] Hermerschmidt, F. et al., Mater. Horizons 7, 1773-1781 (2020).
[5] Vescio, G. et al., Adv. Eng. Mater. 25 (2023).
[6] Vescio, G. et al., ACS Energy Lett. 7, 3653-3655 (2022).
[7] Vescio, G. et al., Small Science (2025).
[8] H. P. Adl et al. Advanced Materials 36 (2024).
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