Publication date: 17th July 2025
The development of charge-selective monolayers is pivotal for advancing the performance and stability of perovskite photovoltaics. In this contribution, we will report on the latest developments by the team at Karlsruhe Institute of Technology on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with carbazole-based compounds for charge transport layers in perovskite-based single junction solar cells and tandem devices. This contribution encompasses results on interfacial optimization, evaporated SAMs, device stability as well as performance.
In 2022, we reported for the first time that evaporation is a suitable method to realize high performance SAM hole transport layers (SAM-HTLs) for perovskite photovoltaics [1]. Here, we will present a follow-up study that reports on the critical role of SAM-HTLs for the growth of co-evaporated perovskite thin films and the amount of organic materials required for stoichiometric film growth [2]. Through simulations, material analysis and X-ray spectroscopy, we demonstrate how exposed phosphonic acid functional groups impact the perovskite crystal structure and material usage. Our findings pave the way for the controlled design of substrates to optimize interfacial interactions and material consumption while enhancing the electrical properties of the films.
Additionally, we will discuss a study that reports on the use of SAM-HTLs and a bilayer passivation strategy for reducing interfacial non-radiative recombination at the perovskite/electron-transport-layer interface. This interfacial design strategy leads to improved charge extraction and a high power conversion efficiency (>31%) as well as good stability in perovskite/Si tandem solar cells after 1,000 hours of maximum power point tracking at 1 Sun [3].
[1] Farag, A.; et al. Evaporated Self‐Assembled Monolayer Hole Transport Layers: Lossless Interfaces in p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells. Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13.
[2] Feeney, T.; et al. Understanding and Exploiting Interfacial Interactions Between Phosphonic Acid Functional Groups and Co-Evaporated Perovskites. Matter 2024, 7, 2066–2090.
[3] Fang, L.; Interfacial Design Strategies for Stable and High-Performance Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells on Industrial Silicon Bottom Cells. Under Review.
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